Editing Crown (Heraldry)

[[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|thumb|150px|The [[coat of arms of Norway]], with the royal crown displayed atop the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]]]]
A '''crown''' is often an [[emblem]] of a [[sovereign state]], usually a monarchy (see [[The Crown]]), but also used by some [[republic]]s.

A specific type of crown is employed in [[heraldry]] under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a physical [[Crown (headgear)|crown]], just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of [[Belgium]].

Crowns are also often used as symbols of religious status or veneration, by divinities (or their representation such as a statue) or by their representatives, e.g. the [[Black Crown]] of the [[Karmapa|Karmapa Lama]], sometimes used a model for wider use by devotees.

A crown can be a [[charge (heraldry)|charge]] ''in'' a [[coat of arms]], or set ''atop'' the shield to signify the status of its owner, as with the [[coat of arms of Norway]].

==Physical and heraldic crowns==
Sometimes, the crown commonly depicted and used in heraldry differs significantly from any specific physical crown that may be used by a monarchy.

<gallery class="center">
File:Den norske kongekronen.jpg|Photograph of the physical [[crown of Norway]]
File:Crown of the King of Norway (fictional).svg|Representation of the physical crown of Norway
File:Corona Norvegica.svg|The heraldic crown for the [[King of Norway]] (1905 pattern)
</gallery>

==As a display of rank==
If the bearer of a coat of arms has the title of [[baron]] or higher (or [[hereditary knight]] in some countries), he or she may display a [[coronet]] of rank above the shield, usually below the helm in British heraldry, and often above the crest (if any) in Continental heraldry.

In this case, the appearance of the crown or coronet follows a strict set of rules. A royal coat of arms may display a royal crown, such as that of [[Norway]]. A princely coat of arms may display a princely crown, and so on.

==Naval, civic, mural and similar crowns==
A [[mural crown]] is commonly displayed on coats of arms of towns and some republics. Other republics may use a so-called [[people's crown]] or omit the use of a crown altogether. The heraldic forms of crowns are often inspired by the physical appearance of the respective country's actual royal or princely crowns.

Ships and other units of some [[Navy|navies]] have a [[naval crown]], composed of the sails and sterns of ships, above the shield of their coats of arms. Squadrons of some [[air force]]s have an [[astral crown]], composed of wings and stars. There is also the [[Eastern crown]], made up of spikes, and when each spike is topped with a star, it becomes a celestial crown.

Whereas most county councils in England use mural crowns, there is a special type of crown that was used by [[Shires of Scotland|Scottish county councils]]. Today, most of the [[Subdivisions of Scotland|Scottish unitary authorities]] still use this "wheat sheaf crown", but it is now the usual gold. It was composed of spikes, was normally shown ''vert'' (green) and had golden wheat sheaves between the spikes.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="90px">
File:Corona_Navalis.svg | A depiction of a [[naval crown]]
File:Astral Crown.svg| A depiction of an [[astral crown]]
File:Spanish_Mural_Crown_(Common).svg| A depiction of a [[mural crown]]
File:Celestial Crown.svg| A depiction of a [[celestial crown]]
File:Heraldic eastern crown.svg| A depiction of an [[eastern crown]]
File:Heraldic vallary crown.svg| A depiction of a [[camp crown]]
File:Coronet of a Scottish Area Council (1996).svg| A depiction of a crown used by a [[Subdivisions of Scotland|Scottish unitary authority]]
</gallery>

==Commonwealth usage==
[[Image:Baron Hawke coa.png|thumb|right|200px|The coat of arms of the [[Baron Hawke|Barons Hawke]] displays a [[baron]]ial coronet]]
In formal English, the word crown is reserved for the crown of a monarch and the [[Queen consort]], whereas the word [[coronet]] is used for all other crowns used by members of the [[British royal family]] and [[Peer of the realm|peers of the realm]].

In the [[Peerages in the United Kingdom|British peerage]], the design of a coronet shows the rank of its owner, as in German, French and various other heraldic traditions. The coronet of a [[duke]] has eight [[strawberry]] leaves, that of a [[marquess]] has four strawberry leaves and four silver balls (known as "pearls", but not actually [[pearl]]s), that of an [[earl]] has eight strawberry leaves and eight "pearls" raised on stalks, that of a [[viscount]] has sixteen "pearls", and that of a peerage [[baron]] or (in Scotland) [[lord of parliament]] has six "pearls". Between the 1930s and 2004, [[Barons in Scotland|feudal barons]] in the baronage of Scotland were granted a chapeau or [[cap of maintenance]] as a rank insignia.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} This is placed between the shield and helmet in the same manner as a peer's coronet. Since a person entitled to heraldic headgear customarily displays it above the shield and below the helm and crest, this can provide a useful clue as to the owner of a given coat of arms.

Members of the British royal family have coronets on their coats of arms, and they may wear physical versions at [[coronations]]. They are according to regulations made by King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in 1661, shortly after his return from exile in France (getting a taste for its lavish court style; [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] started monumental work at Versailles that year) and Restoration, and they vary depending upon the holder's relationship to the monarch. Occasionally, additional royal warrants vary the designs for individuals.

In [[Canadian heraldry]], special coronets are used to designate descent from [[United Empire Loyalist]]s. A military coronet signifies ancestors who served in Loyalist regiments during the [[American Revolution]], while a civil coronet is used by all others. The loyalist coronets are used only in heraldry, never worn. A new royal crown, derived from the shape of the Tudor crown but with distinctly Canadian elements, was unveiled at a ceremony in Ottawa to mark the [[Coronation of Charles III]].

<gallery>
File:Tudor Crown (Heraldry).svg|Monarch: [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]]
File:Royal Crown of Scotland (Heraldry).svg|Monarch: [[Crown of Scotland]]
File:Canadian Royal Crown.svg|Monarch: [[Canadian Royal Crown]]
File:Crown of Saint Edward (Heraldry).svg|Monarch: [[St Edward's Crown]]
File:Imperial Crown (Heraldry).svg|Monarch: [[Imperial State Crown|Imperial Crown]] (medieval)
File:Coronet of the British Heir Apparent.svg|Heir Apparent
File:Coronet of a Child of the Sovereign.svg|Child of a Sovereign
File:Coronet of a Child of the Heir Apparent.svg|Child of Heir Apparent
File:Coronet of a Grandchild of the Sovereign.svg|Grandchild of a Sovereign{{efn|Currently, besides the grandchildren of the present King Charles III, the living grandchildren of a former sovereign are granted the privilege to use the crown of a Sovereign's Grandchild.}}
File:Coronet of a Child of a Daughter of the Sovereign.svg|Child of daughter of a Sovereign, if styled [[Highness]]
File:Coronet of a British Duke.svg|Duke
File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|Marquess
File:Coronet of a British Earl.svg|Earl
File:Coronet of a British Viscount.svg|Viscount
File:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|Peerage Baron/Lord of Parliament (Scotland)
File:Cap of Maintenance.svg|Feudal Baron (Scotland)
File:Military Coronet of a Loyalist.svg|Loyalist military coronet (Canada)
File:Civil Coronet of a Loyalist.svg|Loyalist civil coronet (Canada)
File:Crown of a British King of Arms.svg|King of Arms ([[College of Arms]])
</gallery>

==Continental usages==

Precisely because there are many traditions and more variation within some of these, there is a plethora of continental coronet types. Indeed, there are also some coronets for positions that do not exist, or do not entitle use of a coronet, in the Commonwealth tradition.

Such a case in French heraldry of the [[Ancien Régime]], where coronets of rank did not come into use before the 16th century, is the [[vidame]], whose [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/vidame.html coronet (illustrated)] is a metal circle mounted with three visible crosses. (No physical headgear of this type is known.)

Helmets are often substitutes for coronets, and some coronets are worn only on a helmet.

===Albania===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Variant of the Skanderbeg Helmet.svg|80px]]
| [[King of Albania|King]]
|-
|}

===Andorra===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown of Andorra (Heraldic).svg|80px]]
| [[Co-Princes of Andorra|Co-Princes]]
|-
|}

===Bulgaria===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Bulgarian Crown.svg|80px]]
| [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Tsar]]
| [[File:Crown of Bulgarian Queen.svg|55px]]
| [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Tsaritsa]]
|[[File:Crown of a Prince of Bulgaria.svg|55px]]
| [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Prince]]
|[[File:Crown of a Princess of Bulgaria.svg|55px]]
| [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Older Princesses]]
|[[File:Crown of a Younger Princess of Bulgaria.svg|55px]]
| [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Younger Princesses]]
|-
|}

=== Croatia ===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
|[[File:Crown of Zvonimir (Croatia).svg|75px]]
|[[Crown of Zvonimir]]
|}

=== France ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Mural Crown of a French Capital.svg|100px]] Capital 
| [[File:Mural Crown of a French City.svg|100px]] Department Capital{{efn|name=france|This standard has many exceptions.}}
| [[File:Mural Crown of a French Commune.svg|100px]] [[Communes of France|Commune]]{{efn|name=france}}
|-
|}

==== [[Kingdom of France|Ancien Régime]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Royal Crown of France.svg|80px]] [[King of France|King]]
| [[File:Crown of the Dauphin of France.svg|80px]] Heir to the throne ([[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]])
| [[File:Crown of a Royal Prince of the Blood of France (variant).svg|80px]] Children and grandchildren of the sovereign <small><br />(''[[Fils de France]]'')</small>
| [[File:Crown of a Prince of the Blood of France (variant).svg|80px]] [[Prince du Sang|Prince of the Blood]]
|-
| [[File:Crown of a Duke of France.svg|80px]] [[Duke]] and [[Peer of France]]
| [[File:Crown of a Duke of France (variant).svg|80px]] Duke
| [[File:Crown of a Marquis of France.svg|80px]] [[Marquis]] and Peer of France
|[[File:Crown of a Marquis of France (variant).svg|80px]] [[Marquis]]
|-
| [[File:Crown of a Count of France.svg|80px]] Count and Peer of France
| [[File:Crown of a Count of France (variant).svg|80px]] [[Count]]
| [[File:Old Crown of a Count (France & Belgium).svg|80px]] Count (older)
| [[File:Crown of a Viscount of France (variant).svg|80px]] [[Viscount]]
|-
| [[File:Crown of a Vidame of France.svg|80px]] [[Vidame]]
| [[File:Crown of a Baron of France.svg|80px]] Baron
| [[File:Crown of a Chevalier of France.svg|80px]] Knight's crown
| [[File:Torse of a Chevalier of France.svg|80px]] Knight's tortillon
|}

==== Napoleonic Empire ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of the First French Empire.svg|85px]] <div style="display: inline-block">Emperor<br /><small>([[First French Empire|1st Empire]])</small></div>
| [[File:Imperial Crown of Napoleon Bonaparte.png|80px]] <div style="display: inline-block">Emperor<br /><small>([[Second French Empire|2nd Empire]])</small></div>
| [[File:Crown of a Napoleonic Prince Souverain.svg|80px]] <div style="display: inline-block">Sovereign<br />Prince</div>
| [[File:Cap of an Imperial Prince Grand Dignitary.svg|85px]] Prince
| [[File:Cap of an Imperial Duke.svg|85px]] Duke
|-
| [[File:Cap of an Imperial Count.svg|85px]] Count
| [[File:Cap of an Imperial Baron.svg|85px]] Baron
| [[File:Cap of an Imperial Knight.svg|85px]] Knight
| [[File:Bonnet d`honneur.png|80px]] <div style="display: inline-block">Bonnet <br/> d'honneur</div>
|-
|}

====July Monarchy====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Crown of Orléans.svg|80px]]
|[[Louis Philippe|King of the <br>French]]
|-
|}

===Georgia===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Iberia-Georgia Royal Crown.svg|80px]]
|[[Georgian Royal Crown]], also known as the "Iberian Crown"
|-
|}

=== German-speaking countries ===

====Holy Roman Empire====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Holy Roman Empire Crown.svg|80x80px]] [[Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire]]
| [[File:Heraldic Imperial Crown (Oldest design).svg|80px]] Older [[Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial Crown]]
| [[File:Heraldic Imperial Crown (Gules Mitre).svg|80px]] Newer [[Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial Crown]]
| [[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (c.1433-1486).svg|80px]] Oldest Crown of the [[King of the Romans]]
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg|80px]] Older Crown of the [[King of the Romans]]
| [[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (18th Century).svg|80px]] Newer Crown of the [[King of the Romans]]
|[[File:Crown of St. Wenceslas.svg|80px]]  [[Crown of Saint Wenceslas|Crown of the King of Bohemia]]
| [[File:T07 König.svg|80px]] Generic Crown of a [[King]] or [[Grand Duke]]
|-
| [[File:Archducal Coronet.svg|80px]] [[Archducal hat]]
| [[File:Ducal Hat of Styria.svg|80px]] [[Ducal hat of Styria]]
| [[File:Oldest Electoral hat.svg|80px]] Oldest [[Electoral hat]]
| [[File:Older Electoral hat.svg|80px]] Older [[Electoral hat]]
|-
| [[File:Ducal Hat.svg|80px]] New [[Electoral hat]] & new [[Herzog|Ducal hat]]<!--Herzog is linked 2 entries below-->
| [[File:T09 Herzog.svg|80px]] [[Herzog|Ducal]] crown
| [[File:T11 Erbherzog.svg|80px]] Crown of an heir to a [[duchy]]
| [[File:Princely Hat.svg|80px]] [[Princely hat]] (also used by [[German mediatisation|Mediatized]] Counts
|-
| [[File:T12 Fürst.svg|80px]] [[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|Prince]]ly crown
| [[File:T10 Landgraf.svg|80px]] Crown of a [[Landgrave]]
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 15.svg|80px]] Older crown of a [[Graf|Count]]
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 18.svg|80px]] Newer crown of a [[Graf|Count]]
|-
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 50.svg|80px]] Older crown of a [[Baron]]/{{Lang|de|[[Freiherr]]}}
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg|80px]] Newer Crown of a Baron/Freiherr
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 38.svg|80px]] Older Crown of [[Nobility]]
|[[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 37.svg|80px]] Newer Crown of [[Nobility]]
|}

====Liechtenstein====
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Princely Hat.svg|80px]] 
| [[Prince of Liechtenstein]]
|-
|}

====Austria====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Mural crown (Bundesadler).svg|80px]] Mural crown of the [[coat of arms of Austria]] 
| [[File:Mural crown (Lower Austria).svg|90px]] Mural crown of the [[Lower Austria|State of Lower Austria]] 
|-
|}

<small>'''Austrian Empire'''</small>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Imperial Crown of Austria (Heraldry).svg|70px]] [[Imperial Crown of Austria|Crown of the Emperor of Austria]]
| [[File:Crown of St. Wenceslas.svg|80px]] [[Crown of Saint Wenceslas|Crown of the King of Bohemia]]
| [[File:Archducal Coronet.svg|80px]] [[Archducal hat]]
| [[File:T08 Grossherzog.svg|80px]] [[Archduke|Archducal]] crown
|-
| [[File:Ducal Hat of Styria.svg|70px]] [[Ducal hat of Styria]]
| [[File:Ducal Hat.svg|80px]] [[Ducal hat of Styria|Ducal hat]]
| [[File:T09 Herzog.svg|80px]] [[Herzog|Ducal]] crown
| [[File:Princely Hat.svg|80px]] [[Princely hat]]
|-
| [[File:T12 Fürst.svg|80px]] [[Princely]] crown
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 18.svg|80px]] Crown of a [[Graf|Count]]
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg|80px]] Crown of a [[Baron]]/[[Freiherr]]
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 37.svg|70px]] Crown of [[Nobility]]
|-
|}

====Germany====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:People's Crown (Germany).svg|120px]] ''[[Volkskrone]]'' (People's Crown)
| [[File:Mural crown of the coat of arms of the Berlin boroughs.svg|110px]] <small>Mural crown of the arms of the [[Berlin]] boroughs</small>
|-
|}

<small>'''German Empire'''</small>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:State Crown of the German Empire.svg|80px]] [[German State Crown|Crown of the German Emperor]]
| [[File:Crown of the German Empress.svg|80px]] [[German State Crown|Crown of the German Empress]]
| [[File:Crown of the German Crown Prince.svg|80px]] [[German State Crown|Crown of the German Crown Prince]]
|-
| [[File:Crown of Wilhelm II of Germany.svg|80px]] [[Crown of Wilhelm II|Crown of the King of Prussia]]
| [[File:Bavarian Royal Crown.svg|80px]] [[Crown of Bavaria|Crown of the King of Bavaria]]
| [[File:Crown of Württemberg.svg|70px]] [[Crown of Württemberg|Crown of the King of Württemberg]]
|-
|}

==== Hanover ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Heraldic crown of the king of Hanover.svg.png|106x106px]] Crown of the [[King of Hanover]]
|}

=== Greece ===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown of the Kingdom of Greece.svg|80px]]
| Crown of the [[Kings of Greece|King of the Hellenes]]
|[[File:Royal Crown of Denmark.svg|frameless|90x90px]]
|The Crown as it appears on the [[Coat of arms of Greece|Royal Coat of Arms of Greece]]
|}

=== Hungary ===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown of Saint Stephen.svg|75px]]
| [[Holy Crown of Hungary]]
|-
|}

=== Italy ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown of Italian Province.svg|100px]] Province
| [[File:Mural Crown of Italian City.svg|80px]] City
| [[File:Mural Crown of Italian Comune (New Variant).svg|80x80px]] Municipality
|}

==== Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946) ====
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Corona Reale italiana.svg|80px]] King (crown of Savoy)
| [[File:Corona di principe ereditario italiano.svg|80px]] Heir to the throne ([[Prince of Piedmont]])
| [[File:Italian Crown of Savoy-Aosta Princes.svg|80px]] Royal prince{{efn|The [[duke of Genoa|dukes of Genoa]] were granted the privilege to use the crown of a royal prince though they were only princes of the blood}}
| [[File:Coronet of a Prince-ss of Savoy.svg|80px]] Prince of the blood
|-
| [[File:Corona normale di duca italiano.svg|80px]] Duke
| [[File:Corona normale di marchese italiano.svg|80px]] Marquess
| [[File:Corona normale di conte italiano.svg|80px]] Count
| [[File:Corona normale di visconte italiano.svg|80px]] Viscount
|-
| [[File:Corona normale di barone italiano.svg|80px]] Baron
| [[File:Corona normale di nobile italiano.svg|80px]] Noble
| [[File:Corona normale di cavaliere ereditario italiano.svg|80px]] Hereditary Knight
| [[File:Corona normale di patrizio italiano.svg|80px]] Patrician
|-
| [[File:Crown of Italian Province (Variant).svg|100px]] Province
| [[File:Mural Crown of Italian City.svg|80px]] City
| [[File:Mural Crown of Italian Comune (New Variant).svg|80x80px]] Municipality
|}

====Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, Two Sicilies====
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.svg|80px]] King of Naples 
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Heir to the Throne of the Two Sicilies.svg|80px]] Heir to the throne ([[Duke of Calabria]])
| [[File:Heraldic Coronet of Princes and Princesses of the Two Sicilies.svg|80px]] [[Prince|Prince and princess]]
|}

====Grand Duchy of Tuscany====
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Restitution of the physical crown of Cosimo I de' Medici.svg|80px]] [[List of rulers of Tuscany#Medici grand dukes of Tuscany, 1569–1737|Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany]]
| [[File:T08 Grossherzog.svg|80px]] [[List of rulers of Tuscany#Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1737–1801|Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany]]
|}

==== Other Italian states before 1861 ====
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Corona ferrea monza (heraldry).svg|80px]]<br/>[[Iron Crown of Lombardy]]
| [[File:Heraldic Papal Tiara.svg|80px]]<br/>[[Papal tiara|Papal Tiara]]
| [[File:Crown of San Marino (Heraldry).svg|80px]]<br/>Crown of [[San Marino]]
| [[File:Crown of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.svg|80px]]<br/>Crown of Napoleonic Italy
| [[File:Doza.png|80px]]<br/>[[Doge of Venice]]
| [[File:Doge's Crown.svg|80px]]<br/>[[Doge of Genoa]]
| [[File:Crown of Parma.svg|80px]]<br/>[[Duke of Parma]]
|}

===Low Countries===

====Netherlands====
{| class="wikitable"
| [[File:Rangkroon keizer.svg|80px]] Holy Roman Emperor
| [[File:Rangkroon Koning.svg|80px]] King
| [[File:Rangkroon Koning.svg|80px]] Prince<br/><small>(Members of the Royal House,<br />children of the Monarch)</small>
| [[File:Rangkroon Kleinkinderen van Koning.svg|80px]] Prince<br/><small>(Members of the Royal House,<br />grandchildren of the Monarch)</small>
|-
| [[File:Rangkroon Prins.svg|80px]] Prince<br><small>(nobility, for titles granted after 1815)</small>
| [[File:Rangkroon Hertog.svg|80px]] Duke
| [[File:Rangkroon Markies.svg|80px]] Marquess
| [[File:Rangkroon Graaf.svg|80px]] Count
|-
| [[File:Rangkroon Burggraaf.svg|80px]] Viscount
| [[File:Rangkroon Baron.svg|80px]] Baron
| [[File:Rangkroon Ridder.svg|80px]] Hereditary Knight
| [[File:Rangkroon Ridder.svg|80px]] Jonkheer
|}

====Belgium====
The older crowns are often still seen in the heraldry of older families.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Royal Crown of Belgium (Heraldic).svg|80px]] King
| [[File:Princely Crown of Belgium (Heraldic).svg|80px]]Prince of the Royal house
| [[File:Crown of a Prince (Netherlands and Belgium).svg|80px]] Prince <br><small>(nobility, for titles granted after 1815)</small>
| [[File:Princely Hat.svg|80px]] Prince <br><small>(nobility, for titles granted during the ''Ancien Régime'')</small>
|-
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 04.png|80px]] Duke
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 15.png|80px]] Marquess
| [[File:Crown of a Count of France (variant).svg|80px]] Count
| [[File:Old Crown of a Count (France & Belgium).svg|80px]] Count (older)
|-
| [[File:Crown of a Count of the Low Countries (Ancien Regime).svg|80px]] Count (oldest)
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 25.png|80px]] Viscount
| [[File:Crown of a Baron (Low Countries, Holy Roman Empire, Russia).svg|80px]] Baron
| [[File:Old Crown of a Baron of the Low Countries.svg|80px]] Baron (older)
|-
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 34.png|80px]] Hereditary Knight<br>(Chevalier/Erfridder)
|}

====Luxembourg====
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg.svg|80px]]
| Grand Duke
|-
|}

===Monaco===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown of Monaco (Heraldic).svg|80px]]
| Prince
|-
|}

=== Montenegro ===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown of Montenegro (emperor).svg|80x80px]]
|[[Kingdom of Montenegro|Monarchy 1860-1918]]
|[[File:Crown of Montenegro (Kingdom).svg|85x85px]]
| [[Coat of arms of Montenegro|Republic 2006-Present]]
|}

===Poland and Lithuania===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
 
| [[File:Koronamala.png|80px]] Heraldic Crown of the King
| [[File:Crown of Bolesław I the Brave.svg|Crown of Bolesław I the Brave|80px]] [[Crown of Bolesław I the Brave]] of [[Kingdom of Poland|Poland]]
| [[File:Ducal Hat.svg|80px]] Grand Duke 
| [[File:Princely Hat.svg|Princely Hat|80px]] Prince
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 18.svg|80px]] Count
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg|80px]] Baron
| [[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 38.svg|Rangkronen-Fig. 38|80px]] Nobleman
|-
|}

=== Portugal ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Mural Crown of Capital - Portugal.svg|95px]] Capital city ([[Lisbon]])
| [[File:Mural Crown of City - Portugal.svg|95px]] City
| [[File:Mural Crown of Town - Portugal.svg|95px]] Town 
| [[File:Mural Crown of Civil Parish - Portugal.svg|95px]] [[Civil Parish]]
|-
| [[File:Mural Crown of Administrative Regions of Portugal.svg|95px]] Overseas province<br /><small>(1930-1999)</small>
|}

<small>'''Kingdom of Portugal (until 1910)'''</small>
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of Portugal - Eight Arches.svg|80px]] [[Crown of João VI|King]]
| [[File:Crown of the Heir Apparent of the Kingdom of Portugal.svg|80px]] Heir to the throne ([[Prince Royal of Portugal|Prince Royal]]) 
| [[File:Crown of the Prince of Beira.svg|80px]] [[Prince of Beira]] 
| [[File:Coronet of an Infante - Kingdom of Portugal.svg|80px]]  Infante
| [[File:Coronet of a Duke - Kingdom of Portugal.svg|80px]] Duke
|-
| [[File:Coronet of a Marquess - Kingdom of Portugal.svg|80px]] Marquess
| [[File:Coronet of Count - Portugal.svg|80px]] Count
| [[File:Coronet of a Viscount - Kingdom of Portugal.svg|80px]] Viscount
| [[File:Coronet of Baron - Portugal.svg|80px]] Baron
| [[File:Coronet of Knight - Portugal.svg|80px]] Knight / ''Fidalgo''
|}


===Romania===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[Image:Romanian Mural Crown - Capital.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:Romanian Mural Crown - City.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:Romanian Mural Crown - Town.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:Romanian Mural Crown - Village.svg|100px]]
|-
| Capital
| City
| Town
| Village
|}

====Kingdom of Romania====
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Steel Crown of Romania.svg|80px]]
| King (The [[Steel Crown of Romania]])
|-
|}

=== Russia ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-

| [[File:Heraldic Imperial Crown of Russia.svg|80px]] [[Imperial Crown of Russia|Emperor]]
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of the Empress of Russia.svg|80x80px]] [[List of Russian royal consorts|Empress]]
| [[File:Crown of Russian Empress Anna Ivanowna.svg|96x96px]]  [[Congress Poland|Crown of Congress Poland]]
| [[File:Finnish grand ducal crown.svg|80px]] Crown of the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]]
|-
| [[File:Siberian cap.svg|81x81px]] [[Regalia of the Russian tsars|Altabas cap]]
| [[File:Drevnosti RG v2 ill003a - Kazan Cap.svg|90x90px]] [[Regalia of the Russian tsars|Kazan cap]]
| [[File:Monomakh hat.svg|80px]] [[Monomakh's Cap]]
| [[File:Russian Princely hat.svg|80px]] Prince
|-
|[[File:Crown of a Count of France (variant).svg|80px]] Count
|[[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg|80px]] Baron
|[[File:Rangkronen-Fig. 30.svg|80px]] Baron (alternative style)
|[[File:Heraldic crown of a Russian nobleman.png|80x80px]] Crown of Nobility
|}

===Nordic countries===

====Denmark====
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Royal Crown of Denmark.svg|80px]] King
| [[File:Crown of the Crown Prince of Denmark.svg|80px]] Crown Prince
| [[File:Crown of a Prince of Denmark.svg|80px]] Prince (royal family)
| [[File:T02 Danish Duke.svg|80px]] Duke
|-
| [[File:T03 Danish Marquis.svg|80px]] Marquess
| [[File:T04 Danish Count.svg|80px]] Count
| [[File:T05 Danish Baron.svg|80px]] Baron
| [[File:T06 Danish Nobility.svg|80px]] Crown of Nobility
|}

==== Iceland ====
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Iceland.png|80x80px]] King
|}

=== Finland ===
During the Swedish reign, Swedish coronets were used. Crowns were used in the coats of arms of the [[historical provinces of Finland]]. For Finland Proper, Satakunta, Tavastia and Karelia, it was a ducal coronet, for others, a comital coronet. In 1917 with independence, the [[coat of arms of Finland]] was introduced with a grand ducal crown, but it was soon removed, in 1920. Today, some cities use coronets, e.g. [[Pori]] has a mural crown and [[Vaasa]] a Crown of Nobility.

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
|[[File:Royal Crown of Finland.svg|79x79px]]<br>[[Kingdom of Finland (1918)|Physical crown design of the King]]
|[[File:Heraldic grand princely crown (Finland).svg|100x100px]]<br />Generic grand ducal crown
used in late 19th to early 20th c.
| [[File:Suuriruhtinaan kruunu.svg|100px]]<br />Grand ducal crown used in
the state coat of arms in 1917–1920.
| [[File:Herttuan kruunu.svg|100px]]<br />Ducal coronet
| [[File:Kreivikunnankruunu.svg|100px]]<br />Comital coronet
| [[File:Muurikruunu.svg|100px]]<br />Mural crown
|}

==== Norway ====
{|class="wikitable" 
| [[File:Corona Norvegica.svg|80px]]<br>Heraldic crown of the King
| [[File:Crown of the King of Norway (fictional).svg|80px]]<br>Physical [[Crown of Norway|crown of the King]]
| [[File:Crown of the Queen of Norway (fictional).svg|80px]]<br>Physical crown of the Queen
|-
| [[File:Crown of the Crown Prince of Norway.svg|80px]] Crown Prince
| [[File:Crown of Princes and of Princesses of Norway.svg|80px]] Prince or Princess
| [[File:T02 Danish Duke.svg|80px]] Duke
| [[File:T03 Danish Marquis.svg|80px]] Marquess
|-
| [[File:T04 Danish Count.svg|80px]] Count
| [[File:T05 Danish Baron.svg|80px]] Baron
| [[File:T06 Danish Nobility.svg|80px]] Crown of Nobility
|-
|}

==== Sweden ====

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Royal crown of the King of Sweden.svg|80x80px]] King/Queen
| [[File:Heraldique Suede Couronne Prince Héritier.svg|80x80px]] Crown Prince/Crown Princess
| [[File:Heraldique Suede Couronne Prince.svg|80x80px]] Prince/Princess (aka Duke/Duchess)
|-
| [[File:Grevlig rangkrona.svg|80px]] Count/Countess
| [[File:Friherrlig rangkrona.svg|80px]] Baron/Baroness
| [[File:Obetitlad adel.svg|80px]] Untitled Nobility
|}

=== Serbia ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Serbian medieval crown.svg|80px]] Emperor (medieval)
| [[File:Crown of Petar I.svg|80x80px]] King (after 1903)
|-
|[[File:Serbian empire crown.svg|left|80x80px]]<small>Coat of arms design (1882-1918; 2004-2010)</small>
|[[File:Serbia crown.svg|left|80x80px]]<small>Coat of arms design (after 2010)</small>
|}

=== Spain ===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of Spain.svg|80px]] King <small>([[Coat of arms of Spain|National arms design]])</small>
| [[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of Spain (Version of the Royal Arms).svg|80px]] King <small>([[Coat of arms of the King of Spain|Monarch's arms design]])</small>
| [[File:Royal Crown for the Aragonese Terriories.svg|80px]] King <small>(Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia)</small>
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of the Prince of Asturias.svg|80px]] Heir to the throne ([[Prince of Asturias]])
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of the Spanish Heir Apparent as Prince of Girona.svg|80px]] Heir to the throne ([[Prince of Girona]]) <small>(Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia)</small>
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Infantes.svg|80px]] [[Infante]]
| [[File:Crown of Spanish Infantes for the Aragonese Terriories.svg|80px]] [[Infante]] <small>(Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia)</small>
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Grandee.svg|80px]] [[Grandee|Grandee of Spain]]
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Dukes (Variant 1).svg|80px]] Duke
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Marqueses (Variant 1).svg|80px]] Marquess
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Count.svg|80px]] Count
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of the Spanish Viscounts.svg|80px]] Viscount
|- 
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Barons.svg|80px]] Baron
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Lords.svg|80px]] Señor/Don (Lord)
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Hispanic Hidalgos.svg|80px]] Hidalgo (Nobleman)
| [[File:Torse of a Chevalier of France.svg|80px]] Knight's burelete
|}

=== Ukraine ===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown of Rus'-Ukraine (heraldic).svg|80px]] 
| Crown of [[Crown of Rus|Ruthenia]]
|-
|}


=== Non-European usages ===

=== Bahrain ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Royal Crown of Bahrain (Heraldic).svg|80px]]
| [[Kingdom of Bahrain|King]]
|}

=== Bhutan ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Raven Crown.svg|80px]]
| 'Raven Crown' of the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]]
|}

=== Brazil ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[Image:Brasilian Mural Crown - Capital.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:Brasilian Mural Crown - City.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:Brasilian Mural Crown - Town.svg|100px]]
| [[Image:Brasilian Mural Crown - Village.svg|100px]]
|-
| Capital of [[States of Brazil|State of the Federation]]{{efn|name=france}}
| City{{efn|name=france}}
| Town{{efn|name=france}}
| Village{{efn|name=france}}
|}

<small>'''Empire of Brazil'''</small>

{|class="wikitable"
| [[File:Imperial Crown Brazil.svg|96x96px]] [[Imperial Crown of Brazil|Emperor]]
| [[File:Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil.svg|80px]] Heir to the throne ([[Prince Imperial of Brazil|Prince Imperial]])
| [[File:Hráldica Príncipe do Brasil.png|80px]] [[Prince of Grão-Pará]]
| [[File:Coronet of a Prince of Brazil.svg|80px]] [[Prince of Brazil (Brazil)|Prince]]
| [[File:Coronet of a Duke of Brazil.svg|80px]] Duke
|-
| [[File:Coronet of a Marquess of Brazil.svg|80px]] Marquess
| [[File:Coronet of a Count of Brazil.svg|80px]] Count
| [[File:Coronet of a Viscount of Brazil.svg|80px]] Viscount
| [[File:Coronet of a Baron of Brazil.svg|80px]] Baron
|}

=== Brunei ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown_of_Brunei_Darusalam.png|80px]]
| Crown of [[Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]]
|}

=== Cambodia ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Royal Crown of Cambodia (heraldry).svg|80px]]
| Crown of the [[Kingdom of Cambodia]]
|}

=== Central African Empire ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Imperial Crown of Bokassa I.svg|80px]]
| [[Central African Empire|Emperor]]
|}

=== Chile ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Chilean Mural Crown (Commune).svg|80px]]
| [[Communes of Chile|Municipal Mural Crown]]
|-
|[[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of Easter Island.svg|80px]]
| [[King of Easter Island|Royal Crown of Easter Island]]
|}

=== China ===

{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Imperial Crown of Qing Dynasty.svg|80px]]
| [[Qing dynasty|Emperor]]
|}

=== Egypt ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Crown of the Wali and later Khedive of Egypt.png|80x80px]] [[Egypt Eyalet|Wali]] (1854 - 1867) and [[Khedivate of Egypt|Khedive]] (1867 -1914)
| [[File:Crown of the Khedive of Egypt.svg|80px]] [[Sultanate of Egypt|Sultan]] (1914–22)
| [[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of Egypt.svg|80px]] [[Kingdom of Egypt|King]] (1922–53)
|-
| [[File:Pa Skhemti.png|98x98px]] [[Pschent|King of Upper and Lower Egypt]]
| [[File:Hemhem.png|80x80px]] [[Hemhem crown|Hemhem]]
| [[File:Atef_crown.svg|80x80px]] [[Atef]]
|-
| [[File:Deshret.svg|101x101px]] [[Deshret|King of Lower Egypt]]
| [[File:Hedjet.svg|113x113px]] [[Hedjet|King of Upper Egypt]]
| [[File:Vulture Crown.png|80x80px]] [[Vulture crown|Queen]]
|-
|[[File:Shuti Crown.png|91x91px]] [[Shuti hieroglyph (two-feather adornment)|Shuti]]
|[[File:Blue crown.svg|80x80px]] [[Khepresh|Blue Crown]]
|[[File:Cap_Crown.png|80x80px]] [[Crowns of Egypt|Cap Crown]]
|}

=== Ethiopia ===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Imperial Crown of Ethiopia.svg|75px]] 
| [[List of emperors of Ethiopia|Emperor]]
|}

=== Fiji ===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Fiji crown.svg|91x91px]]
| [[Kingdom of Fiji|Crown of Fiji]]
|}

=== Haiti ===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown of Haiti (1849-1859) - Second Empire of Haiti.jpg|80px]]
| [[List of monarchs of Haiti|Emperor]] (2nd Empire)
|}

=== Hawaii ===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Royal Crown of Hawaii.svg|80px]]
| [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Crown of Hawaii]]
|}

=== Iran ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Kiani Crown of Imperial Iran (heraldry).svg|80px]] 
| Crown of the [[Qajar dynasty|Shah of Persia]]
|-
| [[File:Pahlavi Crown of Imperial Iran (heraldry).svg|75px]] 
| Crown of the [[Pahlavi Dynasty|Shah of Iran]]
|}

=== Iraq ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Iraq.png|80x80px]]
| Crown of Iraq
|}

=== Jordan ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Royal Crown of Jordan.svg|80px]]
| Crown of Jordan
|-
|}

=== Libya ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Libya.png|80px]]
| Crown of Libya
|-
|}

=== Kyrgyzstan ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Kyzyl Tebetei.svg|80x80px]]
| Crown of [[Kyrgyzstan|Kara-Kygyz Khanate]]
|}

=== Malaysia ===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Johor.png|80x80px]] 
| Johor
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Kelantan.png|92x92px]]
| Kelantan
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Terengganu.png|80x80px]]
| Terengganu
|}

=== Mexico ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Crown of Mexico (I).svg|80px]]
| [[Emperor of Mexico|Emperor]] (1st Empire)
|-
| [[File:Crown of Mexico (II).svg|80px]]
| [[Emperor of Mexico|Emperor]] (2nd Empire)
|-
|[[File:Prince Crown 1.svg|80px]]
| [[Prince of Mexico (disambiguation)|Prince]]<!--intentional link to DAB page--> (1st Empire and 2nd Empire)
|}

=== Morocco===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Crown of Morocco 1.svg|80px]]
| Heraldic Crown of Morocco
|-
|}

=== Nepal ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Crown_of_Nepal.png | 80px]]
| Crown of Nepal 
|-
|}

=== Oman ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Crown of Oman.svg|80px]]
| Crown of Oman
|-
|}

=== Rwanda ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Crown_of_the_King_(Mwami)_of_Rwanda.svg|80px]]
| Crown of the [[Kingdom of Rwanda]]
|}

=== Saudi Arabia ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Heraldic Crown of Saudi Arabia.png|80x80px]]
| Crown of Saudi Arabia
|}

=== Siam and Thailand ===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Great Crown of Victory (heraldry).svg|80px]] 
| [[Great Crown of Victory]] of the Kings of Siam and Thailand
|-
| [[File:Phra Kiao Colored.svg|80px]]
| [[Phra Kiao]] (princely coronet, also the emblem of King [[Chulalongkorn]])
|-
| [[File:Royal Crown of the Crown of Siam.png|80px]]
| [[coronet]] of the Crown prince of Siam/Thailand
|}

===Tahiti===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Crown of Tahiti.svg|75px]] 
| [[Kingdom of Tahiti|Crown of Tahiti]]
|}

===Tonga===
{|class="wikitable" 
|-
| [[File:Royal Crown of Tonga.svg|80px]] 
| Crown of Tonga
|}

=== Other examples ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Congo crown.svg|75px]]
| Twig crown of the [[Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Ströhl |first=Hugo Gerard |author-link=Hugo Gerard Ströhl|title=[[Heraldischer Atlas]] |year=1899 |location=Stuttgart}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Coronet of the College of Arms Foundation (United States).svg|75px]] 
| College of Arms Foundation of the [[United States]]
|}

=== Ecclesiastical Hats ===

==== Anglican Communion ====
<gallery>
File:External Ornaments of an Anglican Bishop.svg|[[Archbishop of Canterbury|Archbishop]] or Bishop
File:External Ornaments of an Archdeacon (Church of England).svg|Archdeacon
File:External Ornaments of a Dean (Church of England).svg|Dean
File:External Ornaments of a Canon of the King (Church of England).svg|Members of His Majesty's Ecclesiastical Household
File:External Ornaments of a Canon (Church of England).svg|Canons, Honorary Canons, Canons Emeritus and Prebendaries
File:External Ornaments of a Priest (Church of England).svg|Priest
File:External Ornaments of a Deacon (Church of England).svg|Deacon
</gallery>

==== Catholic Church ====
<gallery>
File:Heraldic Papal Tiara.svg|[[Pope]]
File:External Ornaments of Primates and Patriarchs.svg|[[Patriarch]]
File:External Ornaments of a Cardinal Bishop.svg|[[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]
File:Template-Metropolitan Archbishop.svg|[[Metropolitan Archbishop]]
File:External Ornaments of an Archbishop.svg|[[Archbishop]]
File:Biskup Ljavinec Ivan CoA.jpg|[[Eastern Catholic]] prelate, combining elements of both Eastern and Western ecclesiastical heraldry
File:External Ornaments of an Apostolic protonotary.svg|Apostolic protonotary ([[Monsignor]])
File:External Ornaments of a Domestic Prelate.svg|Honorary Prelate ([[Monsignor]])
File:External Ornaments of a Chaplain of His Holiness.svg|Chaplain of His Holiness ([[Monsignor]])
File:External Ornaments of a Bishop.svg|[[Bishop]]
File:External Ornaments of an Abbot.svg|[[Abbot]]
File:External Ornaments of a Canon.svg|[[Canon (clergy)|Canon]]
File:External Ornaments of a Dean.svg|[[Dean (Christianity)|Dean]]
File:External Ornaments of a Priest.svg|[[Priest]]
</gallery>

=== Multinational ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Astral Crown.svg|95px]] [[Astral crown]]
| [[File:Heraldic vallary crown.svg|100px]] [[Camp crown]]
| [[File:Celestial Crown.svg|75px]] [[Celestial crown]]
| [[File:Heraldic eastern crown.svg|75px]] [[Eastern crown]]
|-
| [[File:UK Mural Crown (Common).svg|95px]] [[Mural crown]]
| [[File:Corona Navalis.svg|95px]] [[Naval crown]]
|
|}

==As a charge==
In [[heraldry]], a [[charge (heraldry)|charge]] is an image occupying the [[field (heraldry)|field]] of a [[coat of arms]]. Many coats of arms incorporate crowns as charges. One notable example of this lies in the [[Three Crowns]] of the arms of Sweden.

Additionally, many animal charges (frequently [[lion (heraldry)|lions]] and [[eagle (heraldry)|eagles]]) and sometimes human heads also appear crowned.  Animal charges ''gorged'' (collared) of an open coronet also occur, though more often as supporters than as charges.

<gallery>
File:Vestfold våpen.svg|A golden crown appears prominently in the arms of [[Vestfold]], a county in [[Norway]].
File:Wappen Kreis Biedenkopf.svg|A crowned lion head in the arms of Kreis Biedenkopf, a county in [[Hesse]], Germany (1832-1974)
File:Armoiries medievales d Eric de Poméranie 1382-1459.svg|The [[Three Crowns]], as well as lions and leopards crowned, in the arms of [[Eric of Pomerania]]
File:Herb wielki Czech (1990-1992).svg|Both lions and eagles crowned appear in the [[coat of arms of the Czech Republic]].
File:Coat of Arms of Riga small.svg|A golden crown appears at the top of cross pattée in the [[coat of arms of Riga]]
File:Badge of the Unicorn Pursuivant.svg|Badge of the [[Unicorn Pursuivant]], a unicorn gorged of a coronet
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Crown jewels]]
*[[Imperial crown]]
*[[List of monarchies]]
*[[Coronet]]

==Notes==


==References==

<ref>{{cite book|last=Mackinnon of Dunakin|first=Charles|title=The Observer's Book of Heraldry|publisher=Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.|date=1968|page=73}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|last1=Moncreiffe|first1=Iain|last2=Pottinger|first2=Don|title=Simple Heraldry Cheerfully Illustrated|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons|date=1953|page=58}}</ref>
<ref>Cox, Noel [http://www.geocities.ws/noelcox/coronets.htm ''The Coronets of Members of the Royal Family and of the Peerage''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104030920/http://www.geocities.ws/noelcox/coronets.htm |date=2018-01-04 }} Originally published in (1999) 22 ''The Double Tressure, the Journal of The Heraldry Society of Scotland'' 8-13. Acceded 8 April 2017</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |last=Boutell |first=Charles |title=Handbook to English Heraldry, The |editor=Fox-Davies, A.C. |edition=11th |year=1914 |publisher=Reeves & Turner |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23186 |pages=104–156}}</ref>

[[Category:Crowns in heraldry| ]]
[[Category:Heraldic charges]]